(Z-E Syndrome; Gastrinoma)
Definition
Definition
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare disorder that arises from tumors and causes ulcers in the digestive system. One or more tumors form in the pancreas or duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). Not only can these tumors lead to ulcers, they can also be cancerous, and spread to the nearby lymph nodes or liver.
About one-quarter of people with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have a genetic disorder called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). People with MEN 1 may have additional endocrine tumors in the brain and neck.
Gastric UlcerCopyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
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Causes
Causes
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by gastrin-producing tumors, called gastrinomas. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the stomach to produce acid. Excess acid production may lead to ulcers in the stomach or duodenum.
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Factors that may increase your chance of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome include:
- Your or family members with MEN 1
- History of endocrine disorders
- Recurrent peptic ulcers
Symptoms
Symptoms
In many people, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome causes symptoms similar to an ulcer or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Symptoms may include:
- Abdominal pain
- Heartburn
- Nausea or vomiting
- Fatigue
- Diarrhea
- Weight loss
- Blood in the vomit or stool
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Tests may include:
- Blood tests—specifically to look for elevated levels of the hormone gastrin or evidence of MEN 1
- Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy—a flexible tube with a light and camera is inserted down the throat and into the stomach and intestine to look for ulcers
Imaging
tests may help your doctor to detect and localize the tumors. These tests may include:
- MRI scan
- Abdominal CT scan
- Abdominal ultrasound
- Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy
- MR angiography
Treatment
Treatment
Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Options include:
Surgical Removal of Tumor
Surgical removal of the gastrin-secreting tumors may be attempted. This may not be possible though if there are multiple tumors, or if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body.
Medications for Ulcers
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may be treated with:
- Proton pump inhibitors
- H-2
blockers
- Somatostatin analogs to control tumor growth
- Chemotherapy may be used in those who have rapidly growing tumors or for tumors that can’t be removed
Prevention
Prevention
There are no current guidelines to prevent Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. If you have a family history of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or MEN 1, consider contacting a genetic counselor for screening.
RESOURCES:
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca
References:
Campana D, Piscitelli L, et al. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: diagnosis and therapy. Minerva Med. 2005;96:167-206.
Norton JA, Fraker DL, et al. Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:635-644.
Norton JA, Jensen RT. Resolved and unresolved controversies in the surgical management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Ann Surg. 2004;240:757-773.
Tomassetti P, Salomone T, et al. Optimal treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and related conditions in elderly patients. Drgus Aging. 2003;20:1019-1034.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed
Updated March 5, 2013. Accessed August 1, 2013.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse website. Available at:
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/zollinger-ellison-syndrome/Pages/facts.aspx
Updated May 10, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2013.
Last Updated: 5/11/2013