(Atopic Dermatitis)
Definition
Definition
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammation of the outer layers of the skin.
Causes
Causes
The exact cause of eczema is not known. Factors that may contribute to eczema include:
- Genetics
- Environment
- Allergies
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Eczema is more common in people of African or Asian descent.
Factors that increase your chance of eczema include:
- Asthma or hay fever
- Urban areas or places with low humidity
- A family history of eczema or allergic disorders
- Exposure to certain fabrics, perfumes in soaps, dust mites (common), or foods
- Stress, especially if it leads to scratching
- Frequent washing of affected areas
- Use of rubber gloves in persons sensitive to latex
- Scratching or rubbing of skin
- Immunosuppressant medications
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Symptoms
Symptoms
The symptoms vary from person to person. Scratching and rubbing can cause or worsen some of the symptoms. Symptoms include:
- Dry, itchy skin
- Cracks behind the ears or in other skin creases
- Red rashes on the cheeks, arms, and legs
- Red, scaly skin
- Thick, leathery skin
- Small, raised bumps on the skin
- Crusting, oozing, or cracking of the skin
- Symptoms that worsen in the winter when inside air is dry due to central heating
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. The diagnosis is made by the appearance and location of the rash. You may be referred to specialist. A dermatologist focuses on skin disorders. An allergist focuses on allergies.
Treatment
Treatment
The main goals of eczema treatments are to:
- Heal the skin and keep it healthy
- Stop scratching or rubbing
- Avoid skin infection
- Prevent flare-ups
- Identify and avoid triggers
Treatment options may vary. Your doctor may recommend more than one depending on your condition. They include:
Skin Care
Proper skin care may allow the skin to heal. Treatment may include the following:
- Avoid hot or long baths or showers. Keep them less than 15 minutes.
- Use mild, unscented bar soap or non-soap cleanser. Use it sparingly.
- Air-dry or gently pat dry after bathing. Apply gentle moisturizer when your skin is still damp.
- Treat skin infections right away.
Medications
In some cases, medication may also be needed and may include:
- Prescription creams and ointments containing cortisone, tacrolimus, or pimecrolimus
- Prescription or over-the-counter antihistamines to help prevent itching
- Antibiotics applied directly to the skin or taken by mouth in order to treat infections
- Oral medications, such as prednisone or cyclosporine for severe cases
Phototherapy
If skin care and medications are not effective, light therapy may be used. This may include:
- Treatment with ultraviolet A light and 5-methoxypsoralen (PUVA)
- Photopheresis—For severe cases
Prevention
Prevention
It is difficult to prevent eczema. This is most true when there is a strong family history.
RESOURCES:
National Eczema Society http://www.eczema.org
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
References:
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http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Atopic_Dermatitis/
Updated May 2013. Accessed January 22, 2015.
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http://www.aaaai.org/patients/allergic_conditions/eczema.stm
Accessed January 22, 2015.
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Alexander DD, Cabana MD. Partially hydrolyzed 100% whey protein infant formula and reduced risk of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;50(4):422-430.
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Last Updated: 11/6/2014