Definition

Bacterial vaginosis is an infection of the vulva and vagina. It is associated with an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina.

Causes

A mix of good and bad bacteria are normally found in the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis occurs when there is an increase in the amount of bad bacteria. The increased bad bacteria causes a decrease in good bacteria. This imbalance can lead to symptoms.

It is not clear exactly what causes the increase in bad bacteria.

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase your chance of bacterial vaginosis include:

• Antibiotic use
• Smoking
• Douching
• Having a new sexual partner or multiple partners
• Having sex without a condom
• Using an intrauterine device (IUD) for birth control

Any woman can get bacterial vaginosis, including those who have never had sex.

Symptoms

Some women with bacterial vaginosis do not have any symptoms.

Symptoms that can develop include:

• Itching around the vagina
• Vaginal irritation
• Burning feeling while urinating
• Abnormal vaginal discharge
  • Color: white or gray
  • Consistency: thin, foamy, or watery
  • Odor: fish-like, especially after sex

There are several different conditions that can causes these symptoms. Your doctor will help you determine the cause of your symptoms.

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.

Fluid from your vagina may be tested to look for specific bacteria or other infectious agents.

Treatment

Bacterial vaginosis can lead to complications such as an increased risk of:

• Sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, gonorrhea, or chlamydia
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Premature birth

Treatment is important even if you do not have any symptoms. The main course of treatment is prescription antibiotic pills or vaginal creams. Finish all medication as prescribed by your doctor even if the symptoms have gone away. This can prevent the infection from recurring.

Avoid sexual intercourse during treatment. If you do have sexual intercourse, use condoms. Usually, male sexual partners do not need to be treated. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you.

Prevention

To help reduce your chances of getting bacterial vaginosis, take the following steps:

• Abstain from sex or remain monogamous.
• Use condoms when having sex.
• Do not use douches.
• After bowel movements, wipe from front to back, away from the vagina.

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http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/bacterial-vaginosis.cfm
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